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unparalleled situation. The Eastern Europeans had somewhat similar
problemsthough they were not nearly so severe: they started out with a
higher standard of living; there was greater consensus on the need to move
A History of the Soviet Union266
August1991: Gorbachev returning from the Crimea
toward a market economy; andsince the Soviet system in Eastern Europe
had existed for a shorter periodthe principles of the market were less alien
and less frightening to most people.
Although Gorbachev and his advisers made numerous mistakesthe
severity of the problems was not the consequence of their errors but the un-
enviable heritage of the Soviet regime. It is hard to imagine a course of ac-
tion that would have eased the centrally directed economy into a market-
oriented one without pain for the majority of people. There could be no
meaningful economic reform without the workers accepting greater disci-
plinehigher unemploymentand higher prices for those products the state
had generously subsidized previously.
The source of Gorbachev��s errors is easy to comprehend. He knew what
he wanted: he wanted to combine what seemed to him the best in socialism
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