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Geography and the Middle East from a historical point of view

two months, Tunisia and Egypt upheaval, the recent unrest in Libya also appeared. King of Bahrain and Yemen, although the president made a concession, fate is still difficult to predict. To understand the current situation in the Middle East to be the geographical, historical, cultural, economic and political have a better understanding. The so-called: the past is now the background, it is the way forward. This paper attempts to limited sections of the Middle East yesterday, today and tomorrow.

If you include with it an international hot spot adjacent to the 14 countries: Iran, north of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan; the east of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan; the west of Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Egypt to the south of Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, a country's total was thirty. This vast area can be called

the Middle East, thirty-one countries, mainly Jews, Israel, Cyprus, Armenia, Georgia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, the population of the five countries are mainly Christian, the other residents of twenty-five countries, the vast majority are Muslims. In this twenty-five Islamic countries, except Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the other twenty countries of the Arab League (Arab League, a total of twenty-two members) of the Member States.

Historically, the Achaemenid Persian Empire (500 BC, that his control the Roman Empire (the first 60 years), the Byzantine Empire (550 years) and the Sassanid Persian Empire (550 years), the Arab Empire (800 years), Seljuk Empire (1100), the Mongol Empire (1300) has in large Middle East hegemony, control the most important trade routes. Far-reaching impact on the area is east of the Persian Gulf, west of Gibraltar Strait, the South controlled the Gulf of Aden, north to the Black Sea north of the 400-year rule of the Ottoman Empire (1520-1920), and the control of the Northwest Caucasus, the South East has a southern Pakistan沙法维波斯 Empire 200-year rule (1520-1720). The greater Middle East today, the cultural and political environment to a considerable extent, inherited from the empire created by the two religious traditions and bureaucracy.

19 century, the United Kingdom, France and Russia to enter the area. Britain and Russia, launched in Afghanistan known as the Today a large map of the Middle East, roughly according to the three colonial empire (plus late-Italy), depending on the jurisdiction.

after World War II into the Cold War the United States and the former Soviet Union. American Treaty Organization, established in Baghdad, include Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, the four great powers. The former Soviet Union in Egypt, Syria, South Yemen, Ethiopia advantage; 1979 years ago, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, into a quagmire. In the same year, the United States into its orbit of Egypt is a major gains; and Iran's Islamic Revolution and lost a bureau. This year is a turning point in the greater Middle East.
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1990, the former Soviet Union. Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait, the United States since the Gulf War started, highlighting the strength of the world's only superpower. Since then, the strength of the U.S. surge in the Middle East; Israel and the Arab countries, and more powerful. This year is another world and a turning point in the greater Middle East.

recent development of the situation, so I'm quite Rui Li from Peabody in the history of management and line management experience to see the Middle East.

anthropologists, archaeologists and historians will certainly agree: the greater Middle East is the starting point of farming and animal husbandry, urban civilization, the birthplace of two pictographic and phonetic writing first area, the birthplace of the world's three monotheistic religions. Strategy experts, energy specialists and military experts would agree: the greater Middle East is the world's most important strategic position, the most abundant energy reserves, the highest amount of weapons and international conflicts, to purchase up to regional hot spots. Economists, political scientists and sociologists will agree: the Greater Middle East countries in general religious atmosphere, authoritarian rule prevailed, economic development lags behind, lack of cultural vitality.

Greater Middle East the following brief form in the medieval Islamic religious, political, economic and cultural traditions. Islam (Islam means submission) in the 7th century and the rise in the western Arabian Peninsula, has been revered as a founder of the Prophet Muhammad, Muslim (Muslim or submissive person) community religious, political and military leaders. Several of his Renji Cheng person (Khalifa Caliph) conquests, expanding rapidly. The 8th century, the Japanese Maya as its capital Damascus (Umayyad) west to the Spanish empire's size, the East up to Pakistan. Abbas, followed by the sky (Abbasid) Empire in Baghdad the new capital, inherited and developed the Greek and Persian civilization, in the 10th century created a brilliant Islamic civilization. In this civilization there is no concept of secularism; law from the Mathematics, astronomy, medicine ahead of any other civilization in the Middle Ages; literature as the main form of poetry; from classical Greek philosophy in general, but a lot of innovation, some schools banned convicted of heresy.

since the 9th century, the empire appeared real independent local government. The caliph is still nominally the leader of all Muslims, the general did not dare jeopardize the local rulers, claiming only the captaincy (Emir); but some are claiming to be king (Malik) or Sudan (Sultan), casting their own silver coins, and to provide subjects together on Friday The prayer ceremony, read his name in Canada. Islamic rulers in their own area take on the overall military, diplomatic, legislative, judicial, trade, education, etc.; some of them harsh, and some generous, but they have absolute power. Rely on the military rulers, through the local gentry and tribal leaders to maintain political power, and often the power to tax the rich around the subcontract.

principle of Islamic rulers, according to rights but to pay the poll tax; others as unbelievers (Kufr English Infidel) by contempt. Different religions, different occupations to wear different costumes. The early Islamic community constituted by the urban business class. Although many of the Arab Empire later incorporated into a large number of nomads and settled farmers, but the Islamic rulers always attaches importance to business activities. Golden Age in the Caliph, the empire's monetary unification, the road open. Later, the local rulers though often each conquest, the business sector is still attention, they will send the market Overseer of business ethics and maintain order, a caravanserai built in order to promote trade. Regularly direct the rulers listen to the complaints and demands of people, it has received a number of people in the palace rooms. The poet is very high social status in the Islamic rulers often entertained the poet, the poet and dinner will be racking their brains to use rhetoric and flattering praise God the King. Rulers win over the religious scholars, so that they preaching Friday Prayers (Khutbah) when the support themselves, and, where necessary, consistent with its intention to make the teachings explain (Fatwa).

Sufism is the mysticism of Islam, the orthodox Islamic scholars have not been recognized. Sufi to prayer, meditation, dance and other methods for direct experience of unity with God, the theory of the doctrine of believers who do not understand very attractive. Since the 12th century,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], orthodox Islam and Sufism began to penetrate each other, since in many parts of the emergence of Islamic Sufi Mission (Tariqa also translated the door.) Mission in the hereditary Sufi leader (Shaykh also translated Sheikh) under the leadership of a fixed place of worship and practice, but also the formation of mutual aid organizations in the community, so there is considerable political influence.

the Middle East and Europe close contact with modern European civilization and Islamic society in India and China than earlier. Ottoman Empire in the late 18th century French officer had been offered to hire new officers, school and start from top to bottom in the mid-19th century reform movement (Tanzimat); Egypt in the early 19th century, the introduction of European military and postal system. These reforms are intended to be and strengthen the country, has caused the traditional anxiety and opposition faction.

hundred years, Muslims in Islamic countries Middle East can be divided into three categories: first, willing to learn from the West to accept the concept of secular society, tend to westernized school of nationalism, mainly military personnel, politicians , professionals and students; Second, I hope the Islamic renaissance through the revitalization of the community Islam in modern society; three, is not highly educated, lack of understanding of the West, accounting for most of the middle and lower classes, they are more vulnerable to the impact of missionary groups.

through hundreds of years of evolution, these three categories the proportion of Muslims in different countries vary, the ebb and flow of power between them, will be the next major Middle East countries weathervane.

author is former president of the City University of Hong Kong

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